I'd been a Christian for quite a while before realizing that my understanding of Herod was off. Another, Herod Antipas, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE, being then dismissed by Caligula.The Herodian Tetrarchy was formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, when his kingdom was divided between his sons as an inheritance. Antipas was not Herod the Great's first choice for heir. His beautiful palaces were home to lovely, abstract wall paintings drawn in the Second Pompeian Style, and his floors sported beautiful mosaics, all according to the latest fashion in Rome; black and white honeycomb design in the Northern Palace, colorful geometrical assortment in the Promontory Palace and apparently in the Jerusalem Temple itself. [13] Ehud Netzer, [The Development of Herods Building Projects], in Ariel 201202 (2012): 6370 [p.67]. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in Tiberias because it was built atop a graveyard and was therefore a source of ritual impurity. Select all the topics you most frequently turn to the Bible to get help with: The Bible Gateway Blog features the latest news, announcements, and reflections from Bible Gateway. The last of them, Agrippa II, died childless in c. 100 CE and thus all territories previously ruled by members of the Herodian dynasty were incorporated into the province of Syria. Herod executed his wife, Miriam, and her mother Salome, in 29 B.C.E. . Such vessels are found in at least three of Herods palaces. These acts stemmed from his paranoia about relatives wishing to take away his throne. God Doesnt Come Down to Earth Lower than Ten, Study the Torah with Academic Scholarship, By using this site you agree to our Terms of Use, https://thetorah.com/article/how-jewish-was-herod. He was exiled to Lugdunum and his property was confiscated. Here we have an interesting development pointing in the opposite direction of the garum: Herod drank gentile wine, a product banned by observant Jews as early as Daniel 1:8 and certainly by Herods lifetime. From the start, Herod proved to be an extraordinary political survivor. Matthew notes that Joseph and Mary moved to Galilee to avoid Archelauss rule (Matt. What Happened between. Some had no desire to support Antipas, whom they viewed as a Roman collaborator, and the party known as the Zealots actively opposed Roman rule. Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property if she separated from Antipas. Herod The Great. In the English translation of Graetz (2:114), Herod . Background He presented himself as the protector of Judaism and sought to gain the favor of the Jews. He was given the territory of Judea with its capital Jerusalem. Herod Antipas in the Bible and Beyond The ruler of Galilee in Jesus' time Biblical Archaeology Society Staff March 28, 2023 19 Comments 59996 views Share Although he ruled as tetrarch over Galilee in Jesus' time, we hear relatively little about Herod Antipas in the Bible and other ancient sources of the period. Wait There Were How Many Herods?! Luke, the writer of Acts, did not see the need to explain who the Herods were, as that would have been common knowledge to his readers. to a family of Idumean converts. The latter's client kingdom was divided between his sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip. Herod the Great Antipas was the son of King Herod the Great of Judea by one of Herod's several wives, Malthace, who was from Samaria. He is mentioned in the New Testament only in Luke 3:1 (the Philip of Mark 6:17 [cf. After matters were resolved in Rome, Antipas began his reign about a year before the turn of the Common Era and enjoyed the confidence of Rome for four decades. Herod Antipas: Jewish leader, ruler of Galilee and Peraea between 4 BCE and 39 CE. Unfortunately, his subjects were not convinced by their leader's piety. It is uncertain if Herodias had any children by her second husband, Herod Antipas.[14]. Then, when Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC, Herod immediately switched sides, convincing Octavian of his loyalty. Herodias' second husband was Herod Antipas (born before 20 BC; died after 39 AD) half-brother of Herod II (her first husband). According to Josephus, Herodias was to blame for Antipass final downfall. In 39 AD Antipas was accused by his nephew/brother-in-law Agrippa I of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. Named for his grandfather Antipater, he was educated in Rome, along with his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip, both of whom also bore the surname of Herod. When Herod found out about the plan, he reacted badly and had the traitors burned alive, in order to teach his people a lesson.[19]. Marriage to the ex-wife of one's brother was not uncommon, but Herodias was also the daughter of another half-brother, Aristobulus. When civil war broke out in Rome between Mark Antony and Octavian, Herod first sided with Antony and his ally Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt. ), Josephus tells us (Ant. Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king as well. This page was created in 2000; last modified on 4 August 2020. The Sages, writing centuries after Herods lifetime, describe Herod as being the Hasmonean slave, showing how Jewish tradition doubted Herods Jewishness.[3]. [11] The reasons why Herod violated this ban with this particular image in this particular place are too complex to be discussed here and require a separate treatment. Vitellius set out with his army to fight the Nabateans at Petra; at the request of the Jews he avoided passing through Judea. However, the two men quarreled, and Agrippa soon departed. Undertaking such a delicate project, with all the difficulties that came with it, may demonstrate the respect the king held towards the religion he was born into. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, a Jewish faction led by Judas, son of Hezekiah, had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money and weapons. 18:16) of Antipas to Herodias, the wife of his brother Herod, the son of Mariamne, the high priest's daughter, stirred the resentment of the people against him. The latter's client kingdom was divided between his sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip. Among these works are the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base [5] the Western Wall being part of it. With the accession of Caligula, the influence of Agrippa, Antipas' enemy, in Rome increased. In modern times, the Reverend Sun Myung Moon taught that John the Baptist's criticism of Antipas was a fatal error and that it was John's duty to mediate between Jesus and Jewish rulers like Antipas. However, Herod Antipas was a Jewish leader, or liked to pose as a Jewish leader. This Judas may be identical with the Judas of Galilee who led resistance to the census conducted by the Roman governor of Syria, Quirinius, and who is mentioned by the Pharisaic leader Gamaliel in Acts 5:37 as a would-be Messiah. (In Rabbinic Judaism, Jewish identity is matrilineal.) The Gospel of Luke relates that when Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, Pilate handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been active. Herod Agrippa II was the son of Agrippa. Learn more about Herod by signing up for the Cultural Context of Jesus Life and Ministry online course. Judea prospered economically during Herods reign. In 43 or 42 B.C.E.,, PROCURATOR , title of the governors (first over Judea, later over most of Palestine) appointed by Rome during the years 641 and 4466 c.e. ), daughter of *Salome, sister of *Herod and of Costobar the Edomite. In this version, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean, sent him to Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Eventually, Antipas got his wish to see Jesus when Pilate sent Jesus to stand before him at his trial (Luke 23:712; cf. However, in the eyes of many Jews at the time, John was a prophet from God. Acts 4:27). Herod, one of the greatest and most controversial kings of Judea, was born in the year 73/72 B.C.E. Several suggestions have been made as to the function of the Royal Portico, but most tend to agree that it may have served for commercial activities connected and conducted around the ritual in the Temple. This incident is recorded by the Jewish historian, Josephus, as well as by the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke). Never one to forget his good fortune, Herod erected at least three temples dedicated to Rome and Augustus in the cities of Caesarea Maritima, Sebaste (Samaria), and Panias. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. But waitif Herod died in 4 BC, who was the Herod who appears later in the Gospelsthe Herod Jesus interacts with? ISBN links support NWE through referral fees, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Herod_Antipas&oldid=1064825, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from his fathers death in 4 BC until he was deposed by the emperor Caligula in AD 39. "Antipas, Herod However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile, where they died at an unknown date. Antipas provoked controversy when he divorced his first wife, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favor of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his brother, Herod II. Furthermore, Antipas may have feared that if John the Baptist were to be put to death, his followers would riot. To proceed with the trial (which took place in the Roman court in Beirut), he needed to get permission from Augustus Caesar, which he received. The Herodians mentioned in the Gospels (Mark 3:6; 12:13) were Hellenistic Jewish supporters of the Herodian dynasty, who favored the stability and status quo brought by Roman authority. [3], The divorce naturally soured Antipas' relations with Aretas. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. One cannot blame Herod for seeking a more sympathetic religious order. ; F.W. 2:1-19; Luke 1:5 ). in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Josephus relates that a significant following of Jews, greatly affected by John, seemed willing to carry out all of Johns instructions. Antipas entered the race with the intention of becoming his fathers sole heir with the title of king (cf. he renamed it Julias, in honor of the deceased emperor's wife Julia, who took this name as her husband had ordained in his will. Other governors who appear in the New Testament are Felix (AD 5259) and Festus (AD 5962), before whom Paul stood trial (Acts 2326). Jos., Ant., 18:2728, 3638, 1025, 10926, 24055; Jos., Wars, 1:646, 664; 2:9495, 1823; Matt. Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas who later became a teacher in the church at Antioch. Antipas is also the Herod responsible for the death of John the Baptist. According to Josephus, however, the principal reason for the execution was Antipas' fear of political disturbances in the wake of John's appearance. He executed his wife when he suspected she was plotting against him. [8] Editors note: That Idumean converts would have kept purity laws fits with the findings in Hebron, a city of Idumean converts, which had a number of mikvaot. Herod Antipas, (born 21 bce died after 39 ce ), son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch (ruler of a minor principality in the Roman Empire) of Galilee, in northern Palestine, and Peraea, east of the Jordan River and Dead Sea, and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth's ministry. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. Historians and scholars and vastly divided on his legacies. With his brothers Archelaus and Philip, he was educated in Rome, a kind of honorable detention to guarantee his father's loyalty. Herodias later divorced Herod II, although it is unclear when they were divorced. Associate Professor, Lutheran School of Theology. The span of this project was so vast, that decades later when it was burned to the ground in the year 70 C.E. Antipas finally dresses him in a bright, shining robe and sends him back to Pilate, the Roman governor, who sent Jesus to Antipas in the first place when Pilate learned that Jesus was from Galilee. [10] It is the only place known to date, in which Herod chose to disregard the ban he so carefully followed in all other projects.[11]. He was first married to Phasaelis, a daughter of Aretas IV, an Arab leader. Archelaus (4 BCAD 6) became ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, with the promise that if he ruled well, he would be made king. Livia was born into a patrician family with a long history of active political involvement. Herod Antipas letter to the Roman Senate about Jesus this is from a non-canon document Following is from documents of records of the Roman Senate. She urged Antipas to go to Caligula, but the expedition did not go well. Herod, one of the greatest and most controversial kings of Judea, was born in the year 73/72 B.C.E. Later, he divorced her in order to marry Herodias. Having close ties to the emperor and his family was very beneficial to Herods lavish lifestyle. Augustus confirmed Antipas as ruler over Galilee and Judean Transjordan and also confirmed the title, "*tetrarch," which had been given to him by Herod. Early life Antipas was a son of Herod the Great, who had become king of Judea, and Malthace, who was from Samaria. [9] His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 BC. Herod the Great was a Roman client king who ruled Judea from 37 BCE to 4 BCE. Caligula In 17 CE, he founded a new capital, which he called Tiberias, to honor the Roman emperor, Tiberius. But when Jesus remains silent, the excitement turns to contempt and mockery. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. While this earned him the favor of many upper-class Jews, it brought disdain from the more conservative Pharisees and the common people. Although these palaces were in use after Herods lifetime, and thus the findings do not prove that he used such vessels, the ensemble in the Third Winter Palace in Jericho can be directly attributed to Herods lifetime. When Herod died in c. 4 BC, Antipas was given the Galilee and ruled that region where Jesus of Nazareth lived His entire life. She is part of the Givat Zeev expedition and was previously part of the Horvat Midras and David expeditions. . Died: January 24, 41 c.e. At the same time, some Jews sent a delegation to get rid of Herodian hegemony altogether. On the death (395) of Theodosius I, the Roman Empire was divided; Arcadius, the elder son, re, Antioch University Seattle: Narrative Description, Antioch University Santa Barbara: Tabular Data, Antioch University Santa Barbara: Narrative Description, Antioch University McGregor: Tabular Data, Antioch University McGregor: Narrative Description, Antioch University McGregor: Distance Learning Programs, Antioch University Los Angeles: Tabular Data, Antioch University Los Angeles: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/antipas-herod. 14:3] is a different son of Herod the Great). This caused great unrest among his subjects. Stepping back from these two particular incidents that earned Herod Antipas a place in our history books, the sources on the life and reign of Antipas remember a local ruler, who managed to stay in office for a very long time (some forty-three years), but who never was able to fulfil his lifelong dream of becoming king. Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. This would suggest that division into quarters was already established, and that Lysanias' quarter was part of a different tetrarchy in Syria; this is credible, as Herod III, brother of Herod Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis, which was to the north, outside Herod's kingdom. Gassners research focuses on Herodian landscape archaeology. It has also been suggested that the trial by Antipas is a literary composition by Luke designed to parallel the trials of Paul, which Luke reports in his Book of Acts. Herod wasnt all bad. Josephus, who, in the first part of the "History of the Jewish War," speaks of him as Antipas, calls him Herod in relating the division of Judea; adding to the name the phrase, "he who was called Antipas" ("B. J." 2:9, 1), but using simply the patronymic throughout the rest of his work. 3. Herod Antipas may be one of the most important secular figures during the life of Jesus Christ, for he ruled in Galilee, the region where Jesus performed the majority of His ministry. Jesus of Nazareth compared him to a fox, an animal that was ritually unclean. Many of these territories included gentile cities. Three of his sons, another wife, and his mother-in-law met the same fate when they too were suspected of conspiracy. Antium, Italy Aretas sent an army to punish Antipas, and was joined in this endeavor by auxiliary troops from the province of Syria. Josephus, The Synoptic Gospels likewise describe John as a popular prophet gathering huge crowds, but according to Mark and Matthew, Johns execution was instead a response to his religious critique of Antipass impious marriage to his brothers former wife, Herodias. However, Antipas sent him back to Pilate. Take a look at the FREE introductory video from Dr. Strauss: Filed under Bible Study, New Testament, Online Bible Courses, Video, Tagged as birth of Jesus, Christmas, herod, herod the great, Jesus. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In turn, Antipater named Phasaelus governor of Judea and Herod governor of the Galilee. When Archelaus was removed from office, Judea and Samaria were transferred to the control of Roman governors, known as prefects and, later, procurators. When Herod the Great died, the question of succession became a matter of great dispute. Reciting Psalm 30 on Chanukah: A Biblical Custom? When they finally meet in Jerusalem during the trial of Jesus, an almost absurd scene evolves. 27 BC; died AD 33),[2] her half-uncle. Named for his grandfather Antipater, he was educated in Rome, along with his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip, both of whom also bore the surname of Herod. About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. Herodias, (died after 39 ce ), the wife of Herod Antipas, who was tetrarch (ruler of a minor principality in the Roman Empire) of Galilee, in northern Palestine, and Peraea, east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, from 4 bce to 39 ce. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date. Oops! They appealed to Caesar Augustus, who divided the kingdom among them. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. She thought that the royal title ought to be given to her husband and made a plan to make Herod Antipas king. The son of Herod the Great, Antipas ruled as a client king of the Roman Empire over a much smaller area than his father had. Early Hollywood portrayals depicted him as exceedingly lustful in his desire for Herodias' daughter, while the more recent films Jesus Christ Superstar and The Passion of the Christ, portray him as effeminate. Aside from provoking his conflict with the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. Herod Antipas was one of the co-conspirators who carried out the condemnation and execution of Jesus Christ. The pun is based on the assumption that, as Herod was a Jew, he would not eat pork, and thus, his pig would be safe from the butchers knife, unlike his own flesh and blood. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Antipas was educated in Rome with his older brother *Archelaus. The evidence garnered above paints a complex portrait of Herods Jewish observance. He extended Israels territory through conquest and built fortifications to defend the Roman frontiers. The most important of these for the study of the New Testament is Pontius Pilate (AD 2636), under whose administration Jesus was crucified. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of his questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. was not a Jew- his father an Idumean and his mother Arabian. 15, 420), Herod himself refrained from entering the Temple and kept to the Royal Portico, i.e., the basilica on the Temple Mount in which he was personally involved with planning.[13]. Later Herodians, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus of Chalcis and Agrippa II, reigned over territories outside of Judea with the title of king but as Roman clients. There are three members of the family of Herod that figure prominently in the life of Christ - Herod the Great, Herod Archelaus, and Herod Antipas. Copyright 2023, Society of Biblical Literature. That honor originally fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. While Luke himself states the latter (see Luke 23:14-15), Antipas is nonetheless later remembered as one among those responsible for the execution of Jesus (see Acts 4:27). When Herodias' brother, Agrippa I, had fallen into debt during the reign of Tiberius, Herodias had persuaded Antipas to provide for him. 2. [Go deeper into the Bible with Bible Gateway online courses taught by leading scholars]. More than 30 years earlier, his father, Herod the Great, had tried but failed to murder the young Jesus by slaughtering all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem ( Matthew 2:16 ), but Joseph, Mary and Jesus had already fled to Egypt. 14:143). Antipaters two oldest sons were Phasaelus, perhaps a Hebrew name () meaning El saves or El sets free, and Herod, a Greek name () meaning either son of a hero or like a hero. As Antipaters star rose, he brought his sons into the political fold, and they served as political advisors and military commanders. However, it is not stated exactly why Jesus was a threat. NT/History Blog: Herod Antipas' Army January 4, 2010 Herod Antipas' Army When Herod Antipas divorced the Arabian princess who was his first wife, about 28/29 AD, she went home to her father, Aretas, King of Nabatea. [2] On the other hand, Luke the Evangelist refers to Lysanias, tetrarch of Abilene, in his list of rulers at the time of John the Baptist, alongside Pontius Pilate (one of a series of Roman governors who replaced Archelaus), Herod (Antipas), and Philip. Although the exact parameters of the prohibition have been interpreted differently in various periods, archaeological evidence suggests that the Hasmoneans understood the prohibition to include any form of artwork depicting real objects in the world. Antipas' admitted having the weapons but insisted on his loyalty; Caligula decided that the tetrarch constituted a threat. The next year, he murdered his brother-in-law Kostabar.