This amendment also allows for permit extensions; the exception being when the work authorized by the permit is determined to have been abandoned. Title 24 is a collection of energy standards for California buildings. PLEASE DO NOT SUBMIT PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION. Amend checklists affected by proposed mandatory and voluntary updates. NONWATER URINAL WITH DRAIN CLEANSING ACTION (BSC, HCD, DSA) Amended from Urinal, Hybrid to Nonwater Urinal with Drain Cleansing Action to align terminology with the California Plumbing Code; no change in regulatory effect. DSA co-adopted the BSC amendment in the statement at the top of Table 422.1 to allow usage of Table 4-1 as an alternate for calculations. Added to address specific aging-in-place design elements in new residential construction to facilitate access to operational features and to allow people to stay longer in their homes as they age. 2019 California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2 (Volumes 1 & 2) with July 2021 Supplement. Its goal is to promote energy efficiency in new homes and commercial constructions. 2022 Energy Code for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings. The fire protection plan shall address fire department access, egress, road and address signage, water supply, fuel reduction and defensible space requirements in accordance with the California Public Resources Code. The Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Energy Code) apply to newly constructed buildings, additions, and alterations. On August 11, 2021, the CEC adopted the 2022 Energy Code. DAY-CARE Amended the defined term day-care to specify the time period for the care of persons is not to exceed 24 hours, and is to be consistent with Title 22. to modify ASCE 41 Section 10.12.3 and provide a new exception to this section. Repealed the mandatory requirement for designated parking for clean air vehicles. Documents and training information to help building communities and enforcement agencies comply with the Building Energy Efficiency Standards. The CHBC contains alternative solutions for the preservation of qualified historical buildings or properties, to provide access for persons with disabilities, to provide a cost effective approach to preservation, and to provide for the reasonable safety of the occupants or users. Clarified requirements to provide DSA with daily special inspection reports when requested. (279) 799-3835 Repealed amendment in the exceptions referencing the California Energy Code, since the California Energy Commission included this amendment in their rulemaking. NEW in 2022 - Title 24 California Code Changes! Other new requirements in this subsection address local agency responsibilities and duties to develop fire severity zone maps accessible to the general public, as well as requirements to designate by ordinance VHFHSZ. Amended to align with the new definition and California Plumbing Code. Amended existing language to provide requirements for electronic submittals and field records. Performance modeling allows a user to assess building system performance or different building components against the Energy Code baseline. New code sections added to comply with AB 2911 (Chapter 641, Statutes of 2018) which requires a survey of local governments every five years to identify existing subdivisions in the state responsibility area (SRA) or VHFHSZ without a secondary egress route. Prescriptive Method: The simplest approach to Title 24 compliance where each individual component of the proposed building must meet a prescribed minimum energy requirement. Requirements for installation are addressed in CBC Chapters 15 and 16. Modifies the existing standard. Provisions contained in the CEC provide minimum standards to safeguard life or limb, health, property, and public welfare, and to protect against hazards that may arise from the use of electricity by regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation, quality of materials, location and operation of electrical equipment, wiring, and systems. Below is a list of chapters in the California Building Code that contain California amendments, including a special page for Mass Timber information. The WUI amendments to the CFC were developed through the Office of the State Fire Marshal WUI task group and collaboration with local fire departments, state agencies, building industry, testing labs, and stakeholders. LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY AREA (LRA) Amended to be consistent with language used in rest of the WUI regulations. Added to address safety requirements for inflatable amusement devices also known as bounce houses, and to correlate with the type of devices covered by IFC requirements. to mitigate the wildfire hazards that may exist based on a project-specific wildfire hazard assessment that includes considerations of location, topography, aspect, and climatic and fire history. EXTERIOR WALL ASSEMBLY and EXTERIOR WALL COVERING. The program ensures that lighting control and mechanical contractors comply with the Energy Code in nonresidential buildings. Amended existing language to remove outline from the submittal requirements for specifications during a preliminary review as it has been proven an outline specification is insufficient for most preliminary reviews. The exception also implied that only the elements of the lateral force resisting system need be evaluated, which led to confusion as DSAs Seismic Performance Requirements per Table 317.5 explicitly require that the evaluation include assessment of non-structural components. Since 1978, California residents have had to comply with Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations in their homes and businesses. Michelle Davis An explanation of margin markings can be found in the preface of each part of Title 24. New section to include the intent of the smoke detection requirements for Group I-4 occupancies with a reference to Section 436.1. Title 24 requires California residents to meet minimum energy efficiency standards in new and altered buildings. A summary describing what was adopted within the 2022 Energy Code and the benefits. Repealed existing definition. Amendment clarifies that local jurisdictions that adopt changes to energy conservation or insulation standards (including energy efficiency measures) may not enforce such changes until the California Energy Commission has made the findings required by Public Resources Code Section 25402.1(h)(2), following the process specified in Section 10-106 of the California Administrative Code.. Added to redirect references for public schools and community colleges to the applicable A chapters of the CBC. The California Building Code (CBC) contains general building design and construction requirements relating to fire and life safety, structural safety, and access compliance. Title 24 The California Energy Commission (CEC) releases specific code requirements for new construction and major renovation of existing buildings in California. Development is ongoing but will not be ready when the 2022 Energy Code goes into effect. Section 406.9(C). Amended existing Item 11 to add Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, and added a new Item 12 to require that the operation and maintenance manual contain information and/or drawings identifying the location of grab bar reinforcements. By distinguishing age differences, officials will be able to classify the related occupancies based on social services classifications used for licensing. Added additional requirements for the reports. The California Mechanical Code (CMC) contains mechanical design and construction standards. Title 24, the Building Standards Code, is maintained by the Building Standards Commission, not by OAL, and is not included in the on-line . These standards, set forth in the Title 24 publication, strive for ever-improved energy . New code section has been added. Add new definition of plants less likely to ignite, contribute heat or spread flame. Updated and provided a new web link to the CEC website. Adopted Supplement 3 to ASCE 7 in addition to Supplement 1, which is already adopted by the model code. Amended this appendix to repeal references to climate zones and the California Energy Code. Supervising Architect The Reference Appendices includes sections on weather data, performance of assemblies with insulation, and residential and nonresidential tests and procedures. Includes a provision stipulating that every permit shall remain valid if the work on the site authorized by the permit is commenced within 12 months after its issuance. To align with the CBC, Chapter 31, Appendix AX section numbers. Locate reference materials on the application and use of the accessibility provisions of the California Building Code (CBC) for state and local government buildings and facilities, privately owned public accommodations and commercial facilities, and public housing. This table serves as a non-regulatory aid to the code user. Manage project time limitations would not apply as the durations are negotiated. Informational Note added to the section with specific reference to Table R702.7(5) regarding the applicability of energy efficiency measures and to reinforce the difference between climate zones identified in ICC model codes and climate zones identified in the California Energy Code. Other new requirements in this subsection address local agency responsibilities and duties to develop fire severity zone maps accessible to the general public, as well as requirements to designate by ordinance VHFHSZ. CBSC Information Bulletin 19-03 regarding permit expiration dates was issued May 23, 2019 to local building departments, state agencies and CBSC interested parties. New code section added pointers specifying requirements for outdoor air delivery to occupied spaces where specified in California Energy Code Sections 150.0(m)12 regarding permit expiration dates was issued May 23, 2019 to local building departments, state agencies and CBSC interested parties. Added document accessibility as a requirement for documents included in state agencies rulemaking submittals and added reference to Government Code Section 11546.7.(a). uthorize the Board of Forestry and SFM-specified local government bodies to make recommendations to include creating secondary access or access road improvements, among other options. Visit the California Building Standards Commission' (CBSC)Codes webpage or information regarding where to find or purchase any part of Title 24. These documents, a part of the energy conservation manual, are designed to help the building industry comply with and regulators enforce the 2022 Energy Code for residential, nonresidential, and multifamily buildings. CHILD CARE Added a new defined term for child care that is consistent with Title 22 (Social Security) of the California Code of Regulations. Modified the existing California amendment to correlate with other updates and new regulations regarding battery ESS. Toll-free in California: 800-772-3300 The requirements for CALGreen, California's Green Building Standards Code, have also been updated for 2022. CBC provisions provide minimum standards to safeguard life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of . Modified to address the references based on changes to both the NFPA 72 Standard 29.11.3.4, and the model code regarding smoke alarms and smoke detection systems. REGARDING THE 2022 CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS, TITLE 24, PART 1 (SFM 0. An explanation of margin markings can be found in the preface of each part of Title 24. This part is published in two volumes: Matrix Adoption tables are provided at beginning of every chapter in Part 2 to indicate what chapters and sections are adopted by state agencies (for application to their respective occupancies). How to Distinguish Between Model Code Language and California Amendments. Data Registry Requirements Manual The California Energy Commission amended sections specific to climate zones in CRC Chapters 4, 7, 8, and Appendix AS and in the California Energy Code. Amended this section to clarify the applicability of Section 1505 to landscape irrigation systems using recycled water. Repealed amendment in the exceptions referencing the California Energy Code, since the California Energy Commission included this amendment in their rulemaking. Topics include: Explanation of the code Technical and compliance information Lighting design examples EV charging for new construction, 4.106.4.2 New multifamily dwellings, hotels and motels and new residential parking facilities, 4.106.4.2.1 Multifamily development projects with less than 20 dwelling units; and hotels and motels with less than 20 sleeping units or guest rooms, 4.106.4.2.2 Multifamily development projects with 20 or more dwelling units, hotels and motels with 20 or more sleeping units or guest rooms, 4.106.4.2.2.1 Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), 4.106.4.3 Electric vehicle charging for additions and alterations of parking facilities serving existing multifamily buildings, Chapter 5 Nonresidential Mandatory Measures, 5.106.5.2 Designated parking for clean air vehicles, Repealed the mandatory requirement for designated parking for clean air vehicles, 5.106.5.3 Electric vehicle (EV) charging and subsections, 5.504.4.8 Acoustical ceilings and wall panels, 5.106.5.4 Electric vehicle (EV) charging: medium-duty and heavy-duty and subsections, 5.506.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring in classrooms, Chapter A4 Residential Voluntary Measures, Chapter A5 Nonresidential Voluntary Measures, A5.106.5.1.1, A5.106.5.1.2, Table A5.106.5.1.1 and Table A5.106.5.1.2, Designated parking for clean air vehicles, A5.106.5.3.1 and A5.106.5.3.2 Electric vehicle charging, A5.303.4.1 Nonwater urinal with drain cleansing action, A5.6 Voluntary Tiers and CALGreen Verification Guidelines. For ease of reading, all normal font style is used (no italics). Beginning in January 1, 2020, all new projects will have to meet the 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards in order to qualify for permitting. To request a copy of the documents listed below, please contact HCD's State Housing Law Program at (800) 952-8356. SFM repealed California ESS Intervening Code Adoption Cycle amendments and definitions that were early adopted ICC provisions in the 2019 Intervening Code Adoption Cycle, then adopted and replaced with unamended 2021 International Code Council (ICC) model code provisions in several chapters. The 2022 Energy Code will produce benefits to support the states public health, climate, and clean energy goals. CALGreen California's first-in-the-nation GREEN building code. There were no changes to Part 8 because the State Historical Building Safety Board adopted the 2022 California Historical Building Code by carrying forward existing provisions from the 2019 edition without further amendment. Increased voluntary EV capable space percentages. to permit an alternate Table 4-1 (replaced Table A) as an exception which can be used if the jurisdiction has adopted it. The paragraph regarding enforcement of HSC Sections 13145 and 13146 is repealed to comply with SB 234 (Chapter 244, Statutes of 2019). systems with economizers shall include modulating relief and/or return fans to ensure compliance with the pressure requirements of spaces listed in Table 4-A. TALL WOOD/MASS TIMBER (Multiple Agencies and Multiple Chapters), CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION (BSC, DSA, HCD, OSHPD, SFM), CHAPTER 3 OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION AND USE (SFM), CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS (SFM), CHAPTER 5 GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS (SFM), CHAPTER 7A MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS(SFM), CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS (HCD, SFM), CHAPTER 11B ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS (DSA), CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT (HCD, OSHPD), CHAPTER 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (DSA, OSHPD), CHAPTER 16A STRUCTURAL DESIGN (DSA, OSHPD), CHAPTER 17 SPECIAL INSPECTIONS AND TESTS (OSHPD), CHAPTER 17A SPECIAL INSPECTIOINS AND TESTS (DSA, OSHPD), CHAPTERS 18 AND18A SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS (DSA, OSHPD), CHAPTER 24 GLASS AND GLAZING (DSA, OSHPD), CHAPTER 25 GYPSUM BOARD, GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCTS AND PLASTER (CEC), CHAPTER 31 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION (BSC, DSA, HCD, SFM), CHAPTER 35 REFERENCED STANDARDS (DSA, OSHPD, SFM). New code section requires all air distribution devices and supply air outlets meet ASHRAE 170-2013, Section 6.7.2 and Table 6.7.2. This code is pre-assembled with the Uniform Mechanical Code of the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) with necessary California amendments. Amended to prevent confusion regarding the interaction between standards for plumbing fixtures and fittings subject to regulation as water-using appliances, and standards for plumbing systems specified in adopted model code language. Carried forward existing amendments and added new amendment regarding temporary structures, water filled vessels and inflatable amusement devices. INFLATABLE AMUSEMENT DEVICE New defined term to specify characteristics of inflatable structures that need to be properly constructed and anchored. Amended to assist readers of the CPC by identifying additional energy efficiency requirements applicable to water heating systems and pipe insulation. Also provides a list of resources for more information about these types of plants. New code sections added to comply with AB 2911 (Chapter 641, Statutes of 2018) which requires a survey of local governments every five years to identify existing subdivisions in the state responsibility area (SRA) or VHFHSZ without a secondary egress route. CBC provisions provide minimum standards to safeguard life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of . Added as prerequisite options to standardize phrasing to remove unneeded references to HERS verification and to apply a broader range of equipment types and construction performance approaches to meet the overall requirements. CEPE certified, experienced, low rates, same day turnaround. ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) READY SPACE (HCD) Added to clarify the term as used within CALGreen and in the EV charging industry and refers to a space which is ready for EV charging and equipped with a receptacle or charger. For ease of reading, all normal font style is used (no italics). The program addresses construction defects and poor equipment installation, including HVAC systems and insulation, by evaluating homes. The impacts of the 2022 Title 24 California solar mandate will vary significantly across different building types and climate zones as demonstrated in the table below. Amendment to reference the CBC for additional exit door requirements for electrical equipment room rated 800-amperes or more. FIRE-RESISTANT VEGETATION New definition of plants less likely to ignite, contribute heat or spread flame. Major amendments were made to requirements for compliance with updated NFPA 72 standards in model code regarding solar photovoltaic power systems, portable fire extinguishers and gas detection systems. Building Energy Efficiency Standards - Title 24 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards The Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Energy Code) apply to newly constructed buildings, additions, and alterations. It also protects against hazards that may arise from the use of plumbing piping and systems by regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation, quality of materials, location and operation of plumbing piping systems within the State of California. 2022 California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2 (Volumes 1 & 2) BASIC Upgrade to Premium CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS, TITLE 24 . Removed residential fire sprinkler systems from California Plumbing Code, and comply with California Residential Code and California Fire Code. How to Distinguish Between Model Code Language and California Amendments. Amended requirements for single and multiple EV spaces, and added a requirement for EV-ready space signage. The California Energy Code contains energy conservation standards applicable to all residential and non-residential buildings throughout California, including schools and community colleges. Local Amendments to Building StandardsOrdinances The Building Permit Fee The user note under the Chapter 49 title is added to give the code user a general understanding and background information on the development process of the regulations and their application. Added to grant authority to local fire officials to require building owners to provide a fire protection plan to mitigate the wildfire hazards that may exist based on a project-specific wildfire hazard assessment that includes considerations of location, topography, aspect, and climatic and fire history. How California Is Fighting Discrimination Across the United States, 2022 was a record-breaking year for state-level, anti-LGBTQ bills, with more than 200 pieces of legislation introduced in over 40 states legislatures that aimed to codify discrimination in classrooms, sports, healthcare, and public spaces. As originally authored, Exception 2 was intended to apply to the conversion of a nonconforming building to use as a school building in accordance with Section 4-307 of Part 1. energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards/online-resource-center/overview. Title 24 Express. On the left-hand side of this page is a list of the state agencies that contribute to Title 24, and a list of the code developers that publish themodel codes on which parts of Title 24 are based. If you are looking for the CalGreen code, see our CALGreen Code Developmentwebpage. California Matrix Adoption Tables. California Building Standards Code (California Code of Regulations, Title 24) The California Building Standards Code is a compilation of three types of building standards from three different origins: Building standards that have been adopted by state agencies without change from building standards contained in national model codes; Chapter 12-7A, Materials and Construction Methods for Exterior Wildfire Exposure. Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manuals 2019 California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2 (Volumes 1 & 2) with July 2021 Supplement BASIC Upgrade to Premium . Lutron dimmers, fan controls, and timers provide a cost effective, consumer-friendly solution to save energy and meet the Title 24 requirements. New California Title 24 Requirements Starting January 1, 2020. Amendment to restore the requirement that Type 2 EES equipment branch load listed in Section 517.44(A) must automatically restore to operation at appropriate time-lag intervals following the energization of the life safety branch. Example: carbon monoxide alarm requirements were moved from Chapter 5 to Chapter 3. Amended existing language to replace 1224.31 with Section 1228 for psychiatric nursing service. For the applications of amendments adopted by the various state agencies, reference Chapter 1 of each part of Title 24. The California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards are designed to ensure new and existing buildings achieve energy efficiency and preserve outdoor and indoor environmental quality. This existing amendment is repealed to correlate with CBC Chapters 7A and 15 for roof coverings in WUI areas. New section changed permit expiration from 180 days to 12 months. Added new section for foundations modeled as a fixed base or a flexible base. The new code language reflects statutory requirements in Assembly Bill 2913 (Statutes of 2018), which became operative January 1, 2019 and amended Health and Safety Code (HSC) Section 18938.5(b)(2)(B) and added HSC Section 18938.6 to Building Standards Law. Amendment requiring basic design and safety criterion in accordance with ASTM F2374 for inflatable amusement devices also known as bounce houses.. 1 /2. The California Building Standards Commission (CBSC) adopts certain provisions of the International Existing Building Code, Appendix Chapter A1, Seismic Strengthening Provisions for Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Buildings. Since publication of Part 2 in 2 volumes was done as a convenience, Volume 2 now also contains Parts 8 and 10. New Note with a specific reference to Table R702.7(5) in this section regarding the applicability of vapor retarders and insulation with respect to the difference between climate zones identified in ICC model codes and climate zones identified in the California Energy Code. Added reference to applicable sections of California Administrative Code (Part 1), where the definitions contained therein govern. The California Energy Commission staff recommends local authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) take several steps to ensure that permitting for LRMF buildings under the 2022 Energy Code is not delayed. Changed requirements that construction must commence on all school buildings with an approved project within four years instead of one year or else the approval is void. AUTOMATIC LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ALMS (BSC, DSA, HCD) Added to clarify the term as used within CALGreen and in the EV charging industry and refers to ALMS which is allowed for use by the California Electrical Code. July 2022 2022 Guide to Title 24 Based on the 2022 California Building Standards Code. Title 24 Compliant Products Compare Your Options. Amended to be consistent with language used in rest of the WUI regulations. LED product requirements are unique for different applications, building use types, etc. IFC Chapter 38 is omitted in its entirety to correlate with the California Building Code and amendments regarding the Group L occupancy. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SUPPORT STRUCTURE, ELEVATED New defined term for an elevated PV support structure designed with useable space underneath intended for secondary use such as providing shade for motor vehicle parking. Amended existing section footnote to clarify the requirements of the Fire Official and Local Government Water Efficiency Official positions in the Code Advisory Committees. Added requirements for space location and dimensions, with a reference to the California Building Code to address accessibility. Amended the Tier 1 and Tier 2 voluntary requirements and repealed Tables A5.106.5.1.1 and A5.106.5.1.2. (A) General. Title 24: Residential Lighting The Residential Lighting Design Guide outlines best practices in lighting design to help builders comply with California's 2019 Title 24 Energy Standards requirements. Provisions contained in the CHBC provide for the preservation, restoration, rehabilitation, relocation, or reconstruction of buildings or structures designated as qualified historical buildings or properties. Request Revision for a Previous Title 24. Buildings whose permit applications are applied for on or after January 1, 2023, must comply with the 2022 Energy Code. These measures (Title 24, Part 6) are listed in the California Code of Regulations. 2019 California Energy Code, Title 24, Part 6 BASIC Upgrade to Premium All Codes . Amend the exception for automatic sprinkler pumps to correlate with the California Residential Code section R313. These changes became effective January 1, 2017, and may affect both residential and business customers. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) PANEL SYSTEM, GROUND-MOUNTED New defined term to be consistent with references in CBC Chapters 16 and 31, CRC Chapter 3 and CFC Chapter 12. Requirements of Use and Occupancy, 914.3.1.2 Water supply to required fire pumps. California Power Generation and Power Sources, 2022 Energy Code Compliance Manuals and Forms docket, Supporting Documents Appendices, Compliance Manuals, and Forms, 2022 Single-Family Residential Compliance Manual, 2022 Nonresidential and Multifamily Compliance Manual, Software Compliance Software, Manuals, and Tools, 2022 Single-Family Residential ACM Reference Manual, 2022 Nonresidential and Multifamily ACM Reference Manual, Special Cases for Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Manufacturer Certification for Building Equipment, Acceptance Testing and Home Energy Rating System, 2022 Energy Code Compliance Software and Supporting Documents (Docket Log # 22-BSTD-02), 2022 Energy Code Part 6 Rulemaking (Docket Log # 21-BSTD-01), 2022 Energy Code Environmental Impact Report (Docket Log # 21-BSTD-02), 2022 Energy Code Parts 2-5 and 11 Rulemaking (Docket Log # 21-BSTD-03), 2022 Energy Code Compliance Manuals and Forms(Docket Log # 21-BSTD-04), 2022 Energy Code Pre-Rulemaking (Docket Log # 19-BSTD-03), 2022 Energy Code Compliance Metric (Docket Log # 19-BSTD-04), Local Ordinances Exceeding the 2022 Energy Code, 2025 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California Utility Allowance Calculator (CUAC), Past Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Climate Zone tool, maps, and information supporting the California Energy Code. Getting to Know Title 24 The California Building Standards Code, Title 24, is the 24. th. See Chapter 3 changes below. Exceptions 1 and 2 added to allow the use of A2L refrigerant in specific self-contained factory sealed air conditioning units. Added language to align with the current practice of review and approval by the California Geological Survey. Revised Subsection 319.7.2 to clarify the condition triggering Method B approach based on building irregularities. New Table depicting specific differences between climate zones identified in ICC model codes and climate zones identified in the California Energy Code. It puts forth a regulatory framework for commercial and residential buildings (both new construction and renovation) with the aim of reducing energy consumption, improving occupants' comfort, and a greener future.
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