27the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,s Please explain why Nahum (Nah 1:4-6) and Habakkuk (Hab 3:14-15) borrowed from Canaanite/Ugaritic descriptions of Baal. (S) 19Because Joseph her husband was faithful to the law, and yet[e] did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce(T) her quietly. 17Thus there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham to David, fourteen from David to the exile to Babylon, and fourteen from the exile to the Messiah. So, some argue that Matthews genealogy follows the history of the family of Joseph, and that Lukes follows the family of Mary. I know who you arethe Holy One of God!(AH), 25Be quiet! said Jesus sternly. 29the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, This accounts for twenty-one extra names, but still leaves Luke with fifty-four entries to Matthews forty-one. * (AC) I am an old man and my wife is well along in years.(AD), 19The angel said to him, I am Gabriel. If were going to interpret the Bible accurately, we want to know what the words in the original text meant. Even as the first Adam was tempted in the garden, so now the new Adam is tempted by Satan in the wilderness. Repent and believe(Z) the good news!(AA), 16As Jesus walked beside the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the lake, for they were fishermen. Whether messianic lineage is through the father or through the mother is to be decided by. We thank You that Jesus is not simply the Savior of the Jews but also of those born out of due time, who have been added on and grafted into the original root; we thank You that He is our Savior as well. 3:5; 17:11; Is. Four women are included early in the genealogyTamar, Rahab, Ruth, and the wife of Uriah (i.e., Bathsheba)and a fifth, Mary, concludes the genealogy as the mother of Jesus. Romans Class for the West Coast School of Ministry, The Christian Story Vol IV: Finding the Church in Church History published by Dr. John Oakes, The first is rich in annotations, including four mothers and mentioning the brothers of Judah and the brother, The second spans the Davidic royal line, but omits several generations, ending with Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the exile to Babylon.. 15(John testified(Y) concerning him. His official title tetrarch means literally, ruler of a quarter, but came to designate any subordinate prince. What was the issue in Hebrews 6? There are three or four options. 1In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar,* when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea,a and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, None of these explanations, however, adequately befits all four women. They examined every time that word occurs in the Gospels, every time that word occurs in the Epistles, every time that word occurs in the early church, in the church fathers, and in the Septuagint, which is the Greek translation of the Old Testament. (BA) But go, show yourself to the priest(BB) and offer the sacrifices that Moses commanded for your cleansing,(BC) as a testimony to them. 45Instead he went out and began to talk freely, spreading the news. 13He answered them, Stop collecting more than what is prescribed. With John the Baptist, the time of promise, the period of Israel, comes to an end; with the baptism of Jesus and the descent of the Spirit upon him, the time of fulfillment, the period of Jesus, begins. These verses contain the genealogy of Jesus. I wish I could say that the problem could be resolved that easily. [i] He reached out his hand and touched the man. All rights reserved. * [3:22] You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased: this is the best attested reading in the Greek manuscripts. Offer Ends In. The New Testament includes two genealogies of Jesus of Nazarethone in Matthew 1:1-17 and another in Luke 3:23-38. 1. We always make a distinction between the Synoptic Gospels and the gospel of John. We dont know. They say its not the Word of God because there are discrepancies and disagreements between the two gospel writers. . The Genealogy of Jesus. After being deposed by the Romans in A.D. 15 he was succeeded by various members of his family and eventually by his son-in-law, Caiaphas, who was high priest A.D. 1836. [17] Gregory Nazianzen argued from this that Mary herself was also a Levite descended from Aaron, and thus kingly and priestly lineages were united in Jesus. I am not worthy to loosen the thongs of his sandals. Levi was the son of Melki, the son of Jannai, and Jannai was the son of Joseph. 19* Now Herod the tetrarch,n who had been censured by him because of Herodias, his brothers wife, and because of all the evil deeds Herod had committed, 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, During the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, He will baptize you with the holy Spirit and fire, You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Gospels tell us what happened, and the Epistles tell us the meaning or significance of what happened. * [3:2122] This episode in Luke focuses on the heavenly message identifying Jesus as Son and, through the allusion to Is 42:1, as Servant of Yahweh. If youre a New Testament student and youre interested in the meaning of the Greek words of the text, you start by looking at a simple Greek-English dictionary. (AD) 22The people were amazed at his teaching, because he taught them as one who had authority, not as the teachers of the law. May 13, 2021 -- 2 The Marriage of the Virgin Image Credit There are two genealogies of Jesus, one in Matthew and one in Luke. Again, this is not salvation issue to me. 40Andrew, Simon Peters brother, was one of the two who heard what John had said and who had followed Jesus. We must be careful of what we infer from the pages of Scripture. In the Gospel of Luke, the lineage starts at the beginning of the public life of Jesus and is in ascending order from Joseph to Adam. 5In the time of Herod king of Judea(I) there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the priestly division of Abijah;(J) his wife Elizabeth was also a descendant of Aaron. The Lord is with you., 29Mary was greatly troubled at his words and wondered what kind of greeting this might be. More interesting, though, are the unique forms Boes (Boaz, LXX Boos) and Rachab (Rahab, LXX Raab). (AU) 33And I myself did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water(AV) told me, The man on whom you see the Spirit come down and remain is the one who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.(AW) 34I have seen and I testify that this is Gods Chosen One.[f](AX), 35The next day John(AZ) was there again with two of his disciples. Then, if you look carefully at Matthews gospel and at Lukes gospel, you will see that there is material common to Matthew and Luke that is not in Mark. The virgins name was Mary. Trying to reconstruct the way the Gospels were written is an important matter. From Matthew, we see that the genealogy of Jesus is traced to Abraham. It was my task to teach the clergy how to read the text of Scripture. That is why I have come.. * 11:1, 10, Gen. 11:24, 2630; 12:3; Num. In the literal Greek of its genealogical listing "Joseph of the Heli" (Luke 3:23) is just another way of saying "Joseph son of Heli." Some Christian commentators have claimed that Luke gives Mary's genealogy. (AZ) 42In a loud voice she exclaimed: Blessed are you among women,(BA) and blessed is the child you will bear! While thats not too much of a difficulty to deal with, the plot thickens when you see that the order of the names differs from gospel writer to gospel writer. Amen. The Preaching of John the Baptist. What happened to Joseph? Come out of him!(AI) 26The impure spirit shook the man violently and came out of him with a shriek.(AJ). 76And you, my child, will be called a prophet(CK) of the Most High;(CL)for you will go on before the Lord to prepare the way for him,(CM)77to give his people the knowledge of salvationthrough the forgiveness of their sins,(CN)78because of the tender mercy of our God,by which the rising sun(CO) will come to us from heaven79to shine on those living in darknessand in the shadow of death,(CP)to guide our feet into the path of peace.(CQ). In my preaching and teaching, whenever I cite the book of Hebrews, characteristically you will hear me say, The author of Hebrews says, or, The book of Hebrews says. Why dont I just say the name of the author? Luke traces the genealogy from Jesus to Adam. Its still the Word of God, but its primary audience in the first century was the Jewish community.. This is nothing short of amazing. 26the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of Joda, God, not by the speculations of theologians, but I believe that the evidence is sufficient to establish the likelihood (but admittedly this is not proved) that Jesus is descended from David (and is therefore qualified in this sense, to be the Messiah), both through is mother, and therefore physically, and through his adopted father Joseph, and therefore spiritually. [15], Lukes qualification as was supposed () avoids stating that Jesus was actually a son of Joseph, since his virgin birth is affirmed in the same gospel. A sermon on Luke 3:23-38. (BI)50His mercy extends to those who fear him,from generation to generation. And whoever has food should do likewise. He was the son, as was thought, of Joseph, . He went through the rest of the ciphers until he came to the number ten, and somehow you had the feeling that you had just heard a soliloquy from Shakespeare with the tenor of this recitation. 17And he will go on before the Lord,(Y) in the spirit and power of Elijah,(Z) to turn the hearts of the parents to their children(AA) and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteousto make ready a people prepared for the Lord.(AB), 18Zechariah asked the angel, How can I be sure of this? The word son doesnt occur in the original language. 14Soldiers also asked him, And what is it that we should do? He told them, Do not practice extortion, do not falsely accuse anyone, and be satisfied with your wages.. Luke is thereby identifying John with the prophets whose ministries began with similar calls. View our current career opportunities. (G) 5The whole Judean countryside and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him. He cried out, saying, This is the one I spoke about when I said, He who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me.)(Z) 16Out of his fullness(AA) we have all received grace(AB) in place of grace already given. Hosea had an illicit affair, Ezekiel used filthy language and Isaiah made false prophecies. (AM) 31You will conceive and give birth to a son, and you are to call him Jesus. As a result, Jesus could no longer enter a town openly but stayed outside in lonely places. Again, our Father and our God, we beseech You to help us as we look at this part of the account of the life and ministry of our Lord. In Jewish legal terms, in the Jewish court system, Joseph would be considered the father. 32That evening after sunset the people brought to Jesus all the sick and demon-possessed. Much of Lukes additional length is due to his genealogy going all the way back to Adam, the son of God. [31], Another omitted king is Jehoiakim, the father of Jeconiah, also known as Jehoiachin. 57When it was time for Elizabeth to have her baby, she gave birth to a son. 5The light shines in the darkness,(H) and the darkness has not overcome[a] it.(I). I assigned him the reading of the genealogies. So, the scholars speculate, in all probability Matthew and Luke had Marks gospel in front of them when they wrote their gospels, and they used Marks gospel as one of their sources for composing their own gospels. [3:120] Mt 3:112; Mk 1:18; Jn 1:1928. Fourteen is seven, symbolizing perfection and covenant, doubled, and is also the gematria of David. Jesus is not simply the Savior of the Jews, but the Savior of the Gentiles, and the kingdom of God is not limited to the geographical borders of Palestine, but it goes as far as the east is from the west, for every tongue and tribe and nation. Matthew, written by a Jew for a Jewish audience, functions like a swinging door between the Old and New Testaments, swinging backward into the Old, drawing up threads of prophecy, and pulling them up into the New. 59On the eighth day they came to circumcise(BQ) the child, and they were going to name him after his father Zechariah, 60but his mother spoke up and said, No! Sproul continues his series in the gospel of Luke, examining how Luke's detailed genealogy of Jesus reveals Him to be the Redeemer of Jews and gentiles alike. We thank You for this, in His name. This genealogy descends from the Davidic line through Nathan, who is an otherwise little-known son of King David, mentioned briefly in the Old Testament. 20He did not fail to confess, but confessed freely, I am not the Messiah.(AI), 21They asked him, Then who are you? This transcript has been lightly edited for readability. 2:1012; Is. I have always assumed (but I am prepared to be proved wrong) that the genealogy in Luke is reckoned through Mary (the theory is that it is through her grandfather Eli (Heli), and that Joseph is the son-in-law of Heli. [16], Elsewhere Luke states that Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, was a cousin (or relative) of Mary and was descended from Aaron, of the tribe of Levi. 1 This is the genealogy[ a] of Jesus the Messiah[ b] the son of David, the son of Abraham: 3 Judah the father of Perez and Zerah, whose mother was Tamar, 6 and Jesse the father of King David. It is His word, and it is profitable for our instruction, reproof, and teaching in righteousness. (P) 12Yet to all who did receive him, to those who believed(Q) in his name,(R) he gave the right to become children of God(S) 13children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husbands will, but born of God. Luke 3:2338, after telling of the baptism of Jesus and the commencement of his ministry, states, He was the son, as was supposed, of Joseph, the son of Eli and continues on until the son of Adam, the son of God.. One thing peculiar to Luke is that he has more references to Jesus dealing with women than any of the other gospels, so that Jesus is not just the Savior of the Jews, not just the Savior of the Gentiles, not just the Savior of men, Hes also the Savior of women. 24When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel(AA) of the Lord had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. 1:17, 18, NKJV, The American Patriot's Bible: The Word of God and the Shaping of America. I understood that messianic lineage goes by the father, so Marys lineage would not support royal descendents anyway. Or if Josiahs son was intended as Jehoiakim, then Jeconiah could be counted separately after the exile. So, Burton stood before the camera, and the camera zoomed in on his most expressive face as the great Welshman said in hushed and sacred tones, One. Then, after a suitable pause to keep the childrens attention, he raised his eyebrows and said, Two.. Want the Verse of the Day sent to your inbox? And he gave him the name Jesus.(AB). The Jewish historian Josephus describes him as a greedy and ruthless prefect who had little regard for the local Jewish population and their religious practices (see Lk 13:1). 23 Jesus, when he began his ministry, was about thirty years of age, being the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli, 24 the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph, 25 the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai, 26 the son of Maath, the. New King James Version (NKJV). One of the genealogies is actually Mary's. The simplest solution is that we have genealogies of both parents of JesusJoseph and Mary. Since it is unlikely that Matthew simply miscounted, a number of explanations have been proposed. Elsewhere in Lukes writings (Lk 4:18; Acts 10:38), this incident will be interpreted as a type of anointing of Jesus. He is never to take wine or other fermented drink,(V) and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit(W) even before he is born. Lets pray. 30Simons mother-in-law was in bed with a fever, and they immediately told Jesus about her. (AX), 40A man with leprosy[h] came to him and begged him on his knees,(AZ) If you are willing, you can make me clean.. We have seen his glory,(V) the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace(W) and truth.(X). 38I am the Lords servant, Mary answered. In the Gospel of Luke 3.23-38, we can read the genealogy of Jesus of Nazareth. First Christian Church in Wilmington Luke also (Lu 3:1) gives a genealogy of the Messiah. In Lk 3:718 Luke presents the preaching of John the Baptist who urges the crowds to reform in view of the coming wrath (Lk 3:7, 9: eschatological preaching), and who offers the crowds certain standards for reforming social conduct (Lk 3:1014: ethical preaching), and who announces to the crowds the coming of one mightier than he (Lk 3:1518: messianic preaching). Some point out their Gentile origin: Rahab was a Canaanite, Bathsheba was married to a Hittite, Ruth was from Moab and sometimes seen as a Moabite, and Tamars origin is unclearthus Matthew prepares the reader for the inclusion of the Gentiles in Christs mission, contrasting their faith with the faithlessness of the Jews. (BH) 45Philip found Nathanael(BI) and told him, We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law,(BJ) and about whom the prophets also wrote(BK)Jesus of Nazareth,(BL) the son of Joseph.(BM). Sermons in Merced by Dr. John Oakes Repent, Return, Restore, Rebuild II. 38Turning around, Jesus saw them following and asked, What do you want?, They said, Rabbi(BB) (which means Teacher), where are you staying?, 39Come, he replied, and you will see.. NKJV, Chronological Study Bible, Comfort Print: Holy Bible, New King James Version, NKJV, Abide Bible, Red Letter Edition, Comfort Print: Holy Bible, New King James Version, NKJV, Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, Red Letter Edition: Bringing to Life the Ancient World of Scripture, NKJV, The Story: The Bible as One Continuing Story of God and His People. Obviously, at least one of these genealogies is by no means complete. Therefore every tree that does not produce good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.i, 10And the crowds asked him, What then should we do? Probably, neither one of them was complete, as the ancient custom of the Jews was to skip over personages from time to time when they kept records of their genealogies. (Luke 3:23-38 KJV) Albert Barnes' Commentary. [12], Since the nature of Lukes genealogy has made it particularly susceptible to scribal corruption, determining the original text from the manuscript evidence has been especially problematic. The presence of Lukes extended genealogy, which goes beyond the limits of what Matthew gives us, underscores Lukes concern: the history and account he has given is not of a mythological figure who lives somewhere in the mythological realm of Mount Olympus, but One who came in space and timeindeed, in the fullness of timeto be our Savior. I leave that in the hands of the technicians who deal with those questions as they uncover the patterns and processes used by the ancient priests to keep track of genealogical tables. In Lk 7:26 John will be described as more than a prophet; he is also the precursor of Jesus (Lk 7:27), a transitional figure inaugurating the period of the fulfillment of prophecy and promise. I ask you this morning to receive this word as from the Lord. Luke tells the story from her perspective. The Luke genealogy traces the genealogy from Jesus to Adam. The lineage of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke gives the same lineage, but it includes His ancestors all the way to Adam. The word of God came to John: Luke is alone among the New Testament writers in associating the preaching of John with a call from God. 25But he did not consummate their marriage until she gave birth to a son. In these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace(AH) among the people., 26In the sixth month of Elizabeths pregnancy, God sent the angel Gabriel(AI) to Nazareth,(AJ) a town in Galilee, 27to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph,(AK) a descendant of David. (AP) The fever left her and she began to wait on them. 17His winnowing fan* is in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.m This careful wording is to affirm the virgin birth, which Matthew proceeds to discuss, stating that Jesus was begotten not by Joseph but by God. In Greek the names are even more similar, both being sometimes called Joachim. 41The first thing Andrew did was to find his brother Simon and tell him, We have found the Messiah (that is, the Christ). Used by permission. But Luke uniquely offers us Jesus' genealogy between the baptism and the temptation. ONE OF THE GENEALOGIES IS ACTUALLY MARY'S. The simplest solution is that we have genealogies of both parents of JesusJoseph and Mary. Jesus was the son, so it was thought, of Joseph, the son of Heli. * [3:2] During the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas: after situating the call of John the Baptist in terms of the civil rulers of the period, Luke now mentions the religious leadership of Palestine (see note on Lk 1:5). Amen. So they went and saw where he was staying, and they spent that day with him. Author of The Gnostic Notebook series, stand-up comedian, and Gnostic. Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers. 68Praise be to the Lord, the God of Israel,(BZ)because he has come to his people and redeemed them. 27He is the one who comes after me,(AO) the straps of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie.(AP). 10He was in the world, and though the world was made through him,(O) the world did not recognize him. [7] The intervening generations are a series of otherwise unknown names, but the number of generations is chronologically quite plausible. The last, which appears to span only thirteen generations, connects Joseph to Zerubbabel through a series of otherwise unknown names, remarkably few for such a long period. Answer: I am copying and pasting from Wikipedia (see below), which actually has a very good article on the subject. 8Once when Zechariahs division was on duty and he was serving as priest before God,(L) 9he was chosen by lot,(M) according to the custom of the priesthood, to go into the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (BW), 67His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit(BX) and prophesied:(BY). This is a curious placement for a genealogy, and at first pass it might seem to interrupt the flow of Luke's narrative. When you see that, its as clear as the nose on your face that Matthew was writing for a Jewish audience. [9] This count also agrees with the seventy generations from Enoch[10] set forth in the Book of Enoch, which Luke probably knew. You will see greater things than that. 51He then added, Very truly I tell you,[i] you[j] will see heaven open,(BT) and the angels of God ascending and descending(BU) on[k] the Son of Man.(BV). Gen. 5:132; 11:1026; Ruth 4:1822; 1 Chr. It was prophesied that the Messiah would be from virgin birth. The fifteenth year of his reign, depending on the method of calculating his first regnal year, would have fallen between A.D. 27 and 29. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. The Greek text is explicit in making Jesus born to Mary, rather than to Joseph. 19Now this was Johns(AG) testimony when the Jewish leaders[c](AH) in Jerusalem sent priests and Levites to ask him who he was. 46Nazareth! Luke's Genealogy of Jesus Luke's genealogy of Jesus is different than Matthews in several ways. What is the significance of Luke's genealogy of Jesus going through Nathan, not Solomon? Perhaps my interest in genealogy began in my childhood Sunday School class when we read the remarkable story of the virgin. For example, I would assign them the text of Nathans confrontation of David or the text of Belshazzars feast. For all the saints. 25the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai, 36the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem,y the son of Noah, the son of Lamech, (N) 10And when the time for the burning of incense came, all the assembled worshipers were praying outside. Some therefore suggest that the omission arose from a scribal error, homoioteleuton between these two names, after which the groups of fourteen were discovered. He was a Jew, an educated Jew. Others see it as a deliberately taken opportunity, encouraged by the similarity of names. 1:17 ), with a total of 41 names. [23], This Rachab is most likely Rahab the harlot, whose story is told in the Old Testament, though some question the identification. Luke introduces his genealogy for Jesus not, as with Matthew, in a preamble to the auspicious birth story but much later, after . 15k Now the people were filled with expectation, and all were asking in their hearts whether John might be the Messiah. Why Matthew chose to include these particular women, while passing over others such as the matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, has been much discussed. Id like to think that his version is from Marys side of the family, but I cant prove that beyond a shadow of a doubt. One gives us the genealogy of Jesus ascending and the other descending. It could have been the grandson, the great grandson, or the adopted son. In the difficult task of getting an accurate understanding and interpretation of Scripture, there are certain things that help us. Still others point out their unusual, even scandalous, unionspreparing the reader for what will be said about Mary. 14After John(V) was put in prison, Jesus went into Galilee,(W) proclaiming the good news of God. In his second volume, the Acts of the Apostles, Luke will introduce the third epoch in salvation history, the period of the church. All of this is implied, but not explained in the genealogy of our Lord Jesus Christ. Finally, Luke is concerned with the historical reality of the person and work of Christ. The most important reason is this: after you go through all the material thats common with Mark and all the material thats common with Q, then youre left with the material thats only in Matthew and only in Luke. Names in bold have duplicates, though frequently these have variations in spelling. I am willing, he said. From now on all generations will call me blessed. How do I respond to my cousin who claims Jesus is a myth? Why is that? What does all of that have the do with the genealogy? [34] The lack here of papponymic naming patterns, which were common throughout this period, may indicate that Matthew has telescoped this segment by collapsing such repetitions.[35. The relationship of Jesus to the Father has already been announced in the infancy narrative (Lk 1:32, 35; 2:49); it occurs here at the beginning of Jesus Galilean ministry and will reappear in Lk 9:35 before another major section of Lukes gospel, the travel narrative (Lk 9:5119:27). So Jesus was the supposed son of Joseph, but really of Mary. Matthew traces the genealogy from Jesus to Abraham. he has scattered those who are proud in their inmost thoughts. Our Father and our God, we thank You for the data that comes to us that is hard to express and hard to understand but nevertheless has value as Your Word to us. (BC) 42And he brought him to Jesus. However, Luke mentions Jesus descent from the first Adam, and its inconceivable to me that Paul wouldnt have discussed with Luke on their missionary journeys the significance of Jesus as the new Adam to redeem us from the failure of the first Adam. 43But why am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord(BB) should come to me? 24the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph, Matthew is unique in naming her as the wife of Salmon and mother of Boaz. [18] Thomas Acquinas believed that the relationship was on the maternal side. Genealogy of Jesus from Matthew The version from Matthew has. (D) 3Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. So, Jesus lineage is traced to Adam and to God.