Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. Much of the focus on soyfoods is because they are uniquely-rich sources of isoflavones. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women. Snell R.S., Turner R. Skin pigmentation in relation to the menstrual cycle. This just means that you should include other sources of lysine in your diet, such as soy, so that your body can make all the protein it needs. However, the macronutrient composition of the soybean is different from other legumes. It is widely recognized that breast cancer incidence rates in soyfood-consuming countries are much lower than in Western countries [219]. Also, it was suggested more than a decade ago that genistein exerts some of its proposed chemopreventive effects through binding to ER [286]. [(accessed on 12 June 2015)]. It may also promote inflammation and interfere with immune health (25, 26). Three studies not reviewed by Pase et al. In: Harris R.S., Marrian G.F., Thimann K.V., editors. Katz Y., Gutierrez-Castrellon P., Gonzalez M.G., Rivas R., Lee B.W., Alarcon P. A comprehensive review of sensitization and allergy to soy-based products. Health Canadas proposal to accept a health claim about soy products and cholesterol lowering. Pawlowski J.W., Martin B.R., McCabe G.P., McCabe L., Jackson G.S., Peacock M., Barnes S., Weaver C.M. Mitchell J.H., Cawood E., Kinniburgh D., Provan A., Collins A.R., Irvine D.S. There is increasing evidence that consumption of soy protein in place of animal protein lowers blood cholesterol levels and may provide other cardiovascular benefits. Whole soy foods, including soy beans, edamame, tofu, tempeh, and soy milk, contain a variety of phytochemicals and antioxidants that work to protect against heart disease, some cancers, and type 2 diabetes. Isoflavone supplements containing predominantly genistein reduce hot flash symptoms: A critical review of published studies. Many short-term clinical studies have found that isoflavones favorably affect bone turnover and/or bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women [210,211,212]. Maubois J.L., Lorient D. Dairy proteins and soy proteins in infant foods nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Van Wyk J.J., Arnold M.B., Wynn J., Pepper F. The effects of a soybean product on thyroid function in humans. Dolinoy D.C., Huang D., Jirtle R.L. An official website of the United States government. Travis R.C., Allen N.E., Appleby P.N., Spencer E.A., Roddam A.W., Key T.J. A prospective study of vegetarianism and isoflavone intake in relation to breast cancer risk in British women. Mikkila V., Rasanen L., Raitakari O.T., Pietinen P., Viikari J. Pian J.H.-C. Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk. The absorption of calcium and iron from soy is an important consideration because soyfoods often replace foods that are good sources of these minerals. Concerns have arisen that because of their estrogen-like properties they may exert untoward effects in some individuals such as postmenopausal women. Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. In any event, it is not necessary for thyroid patients (with the exception of infants with congenital hypothyroidism) to avoid soyfoods since thyroid medication is taken on an empty stomach and dosages can easily be adjusted to compensate for any effects of soy [423]. [(accessed on 17 August 2016)]; Hughes G.J., Ryan D.J., Mukherjea R., Schasteen C.S. Hooper L., Kroon P.A., Rimm E.B., Cohn J.S., Harvey I., Le Cornu K.A., Ryder J.J., Hall W.L., Cassidy A. Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. This conclusion is similar to that of the World Cancer Research Fund International that there is a possible link between consuming soyfoods and improved breast cancer prognosis [268]. A pilot study. FOIA Short-term effect of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopausal women. However, population and clinical studies involving adults suggest benefits are associated with approximately two to four servings per day. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The soybean, like all foods, is a collection of many biologically active molecules [112]. Soy food consumption and risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Rossouw J.E., Anderson G.L., Prentice R.L., LaCroix A.Z., Kooperberg C., Stefanick M.L., Jackson R.D., Beresford S.A., Howard B.V., Johnson K.C., et al. If this observation proves to be correct, soybean oil and full-fat soyfoods will be considered heart-healthy as a result of their fatty acid profile because as previously highlighted, the soybean is one of few foods that provides ample amounts of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Pendleton J.M., Tan W.W., Anai S., Chang M., Hou W., Shiverick K.T., Rosser C.J. (2002) proposed that those individuals who host these bacteria are more likely to benefit from soyfood consumption [81]. Winham D.M., Hutchins A.M. Perceptions of flatulence from bean consumption among adults in 3 feeding studies. Case-control studies show higher soy intake early in life is associated with 25% to 60% reductions in risk [225,226,227,228]. Two large Asian prospective epidemiologic studies found among women soy intake was associated with a one-third reduction in fracture risk [207,208]. Effect of soy isoflavones on circulating C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. Metabolic phenotype of isoflavones differ among female rats, pigs, monkeys, and women. Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns. En ny Methode til Kvaelstofvestemmelse i organiske Stoffer. Chavarro J.E., Minguez-Alarcon L., Chiu Y.H., Gaskins A.J., Souter I., Williams P.L., Calafat A.M., Hauser R. Soy intake modifies the relation between urinary bisphenol A concentrations and pegnancy outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction. Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Travis R.C., Albanes D., Alberg A.J., Barricarte A., Black A., Boeing H., Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B., Chan J.M., et al. Finally, Estrella et al. Higher-protein diets in general appear to modestly lower blood pressure [139] and there are clinical data suggesting soy protein in particular is hypotensive. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The effect of soy isoflavone on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women with bone loss: A 2-year randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Jenkins G., Wainwright L.J., Holland R., Barrett K.E., Casey J. Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised study. Some people are concerned about the unknown long-term health effects of GMO foods. Body weight not only fell in both groups, but soy also improved body composition and heart health and was as effective for weight loss as non-soy protein (32). One small British study did find that modest isoflavone exposure (16 mg/day) increased the likelihood of progressing from subclinical to overt hypothyroidism [166]. Gu L., House S.E., Prior R.L., Fang N., Ronis M.J., Clarkson T.B., Wilson M.E., Badger T.M. There is concern that because of the presence of isoflavones soyfoods could increase risk of developing endometrial cancer and stimulate the growth of existing endometrial tumors. Crude ProteinCombustion Method. Controls Obesity & Diabetes Prevents Heart Diseases Energy Booster Prevents Cancer Pregnancy Tonic Reduces Menopausal Symptoms For Better Skin Gives a Kick to Your Digestive System Enhances Circulation Improves Sleep Side Effects of Soy How You Can Add Soy Protein to Your Diet Daily: Breakfast- Lunch/Dinner: Snacks: Conclusion: Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. It is also consistent with the recognition of the growing evidence linking childhood and adolescent lifestyle and environmental exposures with subsequent risk of cancers arising in adulthood [237]. This content does not have an English version. Pierard-Franchimont C., Letawe C., Goffin V., Pierard G.E. Fanti P., Asmis R., Stephenson T.J., Sawaya B.P., Franke A.A. Divi R.L., Chang H.C., Doerge D.R. Soymilk: Add to smoothies or use as a replacement to milk for those who are lactose intolerant or sensitive. Hata Y., Yamamoto M., Nakajima K. Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on human digestive organs: Estimate of fifty percent effective dose and maximum non-effective dose based on diarrhea. Rodents and non-human primates have been referred to as equol machines because of their ability to so efficiently produce such large amounts of equol in response to daidzein exposure [9]. The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women. Similarly, the drop in testosterone levels noted in the other case [390] is as already noted, inconsistent with the preponderance of the clinical data showing neither soy nor isoflavone supplements affect testosterone levels [283]. Hamilton-Reeves J.M., Vazquez G., Duval S.J., Phipps W.R., Kurzer M.S., Messina M.J. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: Results of a meta-analysis. Many factors likely contribute to this trend such as increasing adiposity. Mangano K.M., Hutchins-Wiese H.L., Kenny A.M., Walsh S.J., Abourizk R.H., Bruno R.S., Lipcius R., Fall P., Kleppinger A., Kenyon-Pesce L., et al. OBrien J., Jackson J.W., Grodstein F., Blacker D., Weuve J. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is not associated with risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimers disease. Pubertal assessment method and baseline characteristics in a mixed longitudinal study of girls. This study oversampled for vegetarians so soy intake among a sizeable percentage of the participants was similar to that reported in Japanese studies. Soyfoods may increase the amount of thyroid medication needed by hypothyroid patients, not because of an effect on the thyroid, but because soy protein may interfere to some extent with the absorption of levothyroxine [410,411,412,413]. Most current research on GMOs health effects is conflicting, and long-term studies are needed (24). A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: Combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Biological values of soybean protein and mixed soybean-pork and soybean-egg proteins in human subjects. Rahal O.M., Simmen R.C. 4 Soy . (2010) concluded that genistein might be useful for the management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women that cannot be treated with progestin [435]. C-reactive protein, one important indicator of inflammation, is considered to be a risk marker and predictor of CVD [162,163]. AACCI Method 46-30.01. 1. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by dietary flavonoids. Mishra R., Bhadauria S., Murthy P.K., Murthy P.S. How Is Soy Sauce Made and Is It Bad for You? Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Womens Health Initiative randomized trials. Widely used SERMs include tamoxifen and raloxifene, both of which are used to treat breast cancer, the latter of which is also used for the treatment of osteoporosis [105]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Biological value of the proteins of mung bean, peanut and bean curd. Two case reports describing feminizing effects that allegedly occurred as a result of soyfood consumption have been published [389,390]. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis of 10 observational studies (8 case-control, 2 prospective) found soy intake was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk with an overall risk estimate (RE) of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.91) [434]. Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species effects in vitro and in vivo by isoflavones and soy-based food extracts. The presence of monoiodinated derivates of daidzein and genistein in human urine and its effect on thyroid gland function. Hodis H.N., Mack W.J., Kono N., Azen S.P., Shoupe D., Hwang-Levine J., Petitti D., Whitfield-Maxwell L., Yan M., Franke A.A., et al. Kristal A.R., Darke A.K., Morris J.S., Tangen C.M., Goodman P.J., Thompson I.M., Meyskens F.L., Jr., Goodman G.E., Minasian L.M., Parnes H.L., et al. For every study that finds a certain component of the legume can help relieve menopause symptoms, that same component is scrutinized for causing infertility. Vitamin D 0%. Conrad S.C., Chiu H., Silverman B.L. Still, its important to note that these benefits are tied primarily to whole and minimally processed soy foods, not supplemental soy protein isolate (10). Brzezinski A., Adlercreutz H., Shaoul R., Rsler R., Shmueli A., Tanos V., Schenker J.G. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46328, http://www.aicr.org/cancer-research-update/november_21_2012/cru-soy-safe.html, www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Breast-Cancer-Survivors-2014-Report.pdf. Denke M.A., Adams-Huet B., Nguyen A.T. Strikingly, there is an approximate two-fold female-male disparity in the prevalence of depression [324]. Nestel P.J., Yamashita T., Sasahara T., Pomeroy S., Dart A., Komesaroff P., Owen A., Abbey M. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. The nutritional makeup of soy foods varies depending on which one youre eating. Tang A.L., Walker K.Z., Wilcox G., Strauss B.J., Ashton J.F., Stojanovska L. Calcium absorption in Australian osteopenic post-menopausal women: An acute comparative study of fortified soymilk to cows milk. Soy may aid heart health, cancer risk, and blood sugar levels. Another 12-week study found similar results with soy protein powder. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Benefits of Soy Protein for Breast Growth, The Side Effects of High-Protein Powder in Women, National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine; Soy; July 2010, Frontiers in Bioscience; Phytotherapy as Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy; MD Molla et al. Conversely, no differences in arterial stiffness were noted in a small trial of hypercholesterolemic men and women when soymilk/soy yogurt was compared with dairy milk/yogurt [161]. Intradialytic protein supplementation reduces inflammation and improves physical function in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Lethaby A., Brown J., Marjoribanks J., Kronenberg F., Roberts H., Eden J. Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Thornton M.J., Taylor A.H., Mulligan K., Al-Azzawi F., Lyon C.C., ODriscoll J., Messenger A.G. Oestrogen receptor beta is the predominant oestrogen receptor in human scalp skin. In contrast to the epidemiologic data, a meta-analysis of 10 placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials involving 1024 participants found that soy isoflavones favorably affected summary cognitive function and visual memory in postmenopausal women [318]. Among them, soy protein isolate (SPI) is the most refined form, with a protein content >90% and improved digestibility [30]. Zhang W., Makela S., Andersson L.C., Salmi S., Saji S., Webster J.I., Jensen E.V., Nilsson S., Warner M., Gustafsson J.A. One of those somewhat ironically, given the large populations of Asian countries that have historically consumed soy, is the possible adverse impact of soy on fertility On the other hand, breeding problems have been noted in some animal species in response to isoflavone ingestion [371,372,373,374] although it was subsequently shown that these issues arose because of either excessive intake [375] or because of differences in isoflavone metabolism between animals and humans [69,81,376,377]. Soys effects on women have been extensively studied due to soys estrogen-like compounds called isoflavones. Life Sci. Fang N., Yu S., Badger T.M. Enjoy various forms of soy in sandwiches, soups, salads, side dishes, entres, and smoothies. The endothelium is the monolayer of endothelial cells lining the lumen of the vascular beds and is mechanically and metabolically strategically located, separating the vascular wall from the circulation and the blood components. Experimental details of prospective epidemiologic studies included evaluating the impact of post-diagnosis soy intake on breast cancer recurrence and survival 1. Effects of isoflavones on breast density in pre- and post-menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. . Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective cohort study. For this reason, soy is an excellent choice for vegetarian and vegan women. Hargreaves D.F., Potten C.S., Harding C., Shaw L.E., Morton M.S., Roberts S.A., Howell A., Bundred N.J. Comprehensive phytochemical profile of soy protein isolate. Subclinical atherosclerosis can be assessed using ultrasound to measure the thickness of the carotid arteries. Estrogen receptor-beta regulates epithelial cell differentiation in the mouse ventral prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, and the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer overall [269]. Allred C.D., Allred K.F., Ju Y.H., Goeppinger T.S., Doerge D.R., Helferich W.G. Zhang G.Q., Chen J.L., Liu Q., Zhang Y., Zeng H., Zhao Y. Soy intake is associated with lower endometrial cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Its benefits were strongest in women with hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer, a more aggressive type of breast cancer where tumours lack oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and therefore. Sosvorova L., Miksatkova P., Bicikova M., Kanova N., Lapcik O. Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: A meta-analysis. When estrogen binds to its receptor, it can trigger certain cancer cells to grow. For example, mean isoflavone intake among adults ranges from about 3050 mg/day in Japan but is less than 3 mg/day in the United States, Canada and Europe [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67]. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC). Cut into cubes, season, and roast in the oven for a quick snack, salad topper, or stir fry ingredient. Zhang X., Shu X.O., Li H., Yang G., Li Q., Gao Y.T., Zheng W. Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. Fetal growth and subsequent risk of breast cancer: Results from long term follow up of Swedish cohort. Cheng L.T., Li H.C., Lan T.H. Systematic review, meta-analysis and regression of randomised controlled trials reporting an association between an intake of circa 25 g soya protein per day and blood cholesterol. Final rule. CHD and stroke account for over 20% of deaths worldwide but there are striking variations in age-adjusted cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates among countries [180]. Chang Y., Choue R. Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of isoflavones after ingestion of soy products with different aglycone/glucoside ratios in South Korean women. Zhou J., Yuan W.-J. Soy protein products offer benefits to women in various life stages. This is true for example for tempeh [43], tofu [43] and ISP [41] but not soy grits and soy protein concentrate [41]. Russo J., Mailo D., Hu Y.F., Balogh G., Sheriff F., Russo I.H. Soy provides modest benefits on endothelial function without affecting inflammatory biomarkers in adults at cardiometabolic risk. Interestingly, high soy protein intake during adulthood was only protective (HR, 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.91) against breast cancer among women who consumed little soy during adolescence. Borobudur revisited: Soy consumption may be associated with better recall in younger, but not in older, rural Indonesian elderly. Segovia-Siapco G., Pribis P., Messina M., Oda K., Sabate J. Liel Y., Sperber A.D., Shany S. Nonspecific intestinal adsorption of levothyroxine by aluminum hydroxide. Here is the nutritional breakdown of 100 grams of soya chunks: Calories: 336. Dietary genistein intake and cognitive performance in a multiethnic cohort of midlife women. Oligosaccharide content of ten varieties of dark-coated soybeans. Murphy P., Resurreccion A.P. Though you may have heard concerns about soys GMO status or phytoestrogen content, most scientific evidence suggests that theres no need to avoid soy products. Background information on nutrient content and isoflavones, a class of compounds in soybeans that has been widely investigated, is also provided. Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 20032006. Estrogen receptor-beta activated apoptosis in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate is androgen independent and TNFalpha mediated. This value is well above the value of 0.75 which is the minimum value the FAO recommends should be allowed for nutrient claims to be made for high-quality proteins [21]. Soy milk is an excellent source of plant protein. Reverri E.J., LaSalle C.D., Franke A.A., Steinberg F.M. Blumenschein S., Torres E., Kushmaul E., Crawford J., Fixler D. Effect of oat bran/soy protein in hypercholesterolemic children. Soy's arginine content will also help to raise NO levels. Eckel R.H., Jakicic J.M., Ard J.D., de Jesus J.M., Houston Miller N., Hubbard V.S., Lee I.M., Lichtenstein A.H., Loria C.M., Millen B.E., et al. Mennella J.A., Griffin C.E., Beauchamp G.K. In 2011, a secondary analysis of a large 3-year trial by Hodis et al. Therefore, additional research is needed before definitive conclusions can be made. However, this is a misconception as is the idea that plant proteins are inferior to animal proteins. Benefits Drawbacks Weight loss Recipe ideas Bottom line Soy protein is the primary protein found in soy products, such as tofu, tempeh, soy milk, and other soy-based dairy and meat. In addition, an evidence-based conclusion in response to a recent clinical inquiry published in the Journal of Family Practice was that post-diagnosis soy intake improves the prognosis of breast cancer patients [267]. Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. Issues surrounding mineral status of those consuming plant-based diets often have more to do with absorption efficiency than intake. Divi R.L., Doerge D.R. The use of a NCF of 6.25 for soy is supported by an international consensus of Codex Standards, National and Regional Government Nutrition Labeling Regulations, and globally recognized standards development organizations, including the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) [28], the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) [29], the American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI) [30] and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [31]. The European Soy and Plant-based Foods Manufacturers Association paid for the costs of publication. Pons D.G., Nadal-Serrano M., Torrens-Mas M., Oliver J., Roca P. The phytoestrogen genistein affects breast cancer cells treatment depending on the ERalpha/ERbeta ratio. Khan S.A., Chatterton R.T., Michel N., Bryk M., Lee O., Ivancic D., Heinz R., Zalles C.M., Helenowski I.B., Jovanovic B.D., et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipids. Subgroup analyses found statistically significant protective effects for both Asian (RE: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.95) and non-Asian (RE: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.96) populations. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Messina M., Wu A.H. Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation.