BMP-4 expression is normally confined to the dermal condensation of the forming bud and is restricted to the anterior mesenchyme as the bud grows outwards (D). The preservation of organic materials. In an adjacent section through the feather bud, nuclear -catenin protein is localized in a complementary pattern in the anterior ectodermal placode. Regionalization of the plumage-forming mesoderm, Wnt and FGF pathways cooperatively pattern anteroposterior neural ectoderm in Xenopus, WNTs modulate cell fate and behavior during vertebrate development, Structually related receptors and antagonists compete for secreted Wnt ligands, Stage specific effects of sonic hedgehog expression in the epidermis, Manipulating gene expression with replication-competent retroviruses, Serine phosphorylation-regulated ubiquitination and degradation of -catenin, Involvement of the Sonic hedgehog gene in chick feather formation, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins mediate lateral inhibition at successive stages in feather tract development, Gene expression in the limbless mutant: polarized gene expression in the absence of Shh and an AER, An in vivo structure-function study of armadillo, the -catenin homologue, reveals both separate and overlapping regions of the protein required for cell adhesion and for wingless signaling, WNT-1 and HGF regulate GSK3 beta activity and -catenin signaling in mammary epithelial cells, Dorsalizing signal Wnt-7a required for normal polarity of D-V and A-P axes of mouse limb, Different members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family are specific to distinct cell types in the developing chicken embryo, Decapentaplegic restricts the domain of wingless during Drosophila limb patterning, Replication-competent retrovirus vectors for the transfer and expression of gene cassettes in avian cells, Induction of the LIM homeobox gene Lmx1 by WNT7a establishes dorsoventral pattern in the vertebrate limb, The origin of pattern and feather germ tract specificity, Inductive specificity in the origin of integumentary derivatives in the fowl, -catenin translocation into nuclei demarcates the dorsalizing centers in frog and fish embryos, Interaction of Wnt and a Frizzled homologue triggers G-protein-linked phosphatidylinositol signalling, Fibroblast growth factor 2 can replace ectodermal signaling for feather development, A chicken Wnt gene, Wnt-11, is involved in dermal development, Signalling networks regulating dental development, Sonic Hedgehog in feather morphogenesis: induction of mesenchymal condensation and association with cell death, Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1 deficient mice, Armadillo coactivates transcrition driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF, FGF induces new feather buds from developing avian skin, Interaction between the signaling molecules WNT7a and SHH during vertebrate limb development: dorsal signals regulate anteroposterior patterning, Lymphoid enhancer factor-1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate, This site uses cookies. Expression of such a stabilized -catenin throughout the developing epidermis using a keratin-14 expression cassette did not discernibly affect embryonic skin development (Gat et al., 1998). Virally expressed -catenin also fails to accumulate in the nucleus of the periderm when it is readily observed in the nucleus of the underlying epidermis (Fig. 2C-F. Representative examples are shown in Fig. The pattern of endogenous -catenin staining is consistent with roles in both bud initiation and subsequent bud outgrowth. definitions. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 285:291306, Prum RO (2005) Evolution of the morphological innovations of feathers. 1A). As the dermal condensation forms, cytoplasmic staining of -catenin is observed but no nuclear accumulation is detected (Fig. Int J Dev Biol 48:137148, Prum RO (1999) Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. antonyms. Activation of the -catenin pathway is more uniformly distributed within a region of developing epidermis in the transgenic mouse, while in our experiments the pathway is activated in small groups of cells. Altmetric, Part of the Fascinating Life Sciences book series (FLS). -catenin signaling during feather tract development. The development of the feather, showing absence of cruelty in clipping and quilling. 6A,B), suggesting the possibility that -catenin signaling represses Wnt7a expression within the placode. With the identification of the signals that activate this pathway during tract development, it will be possible to further dissect the mechanisms of pattern formation in the feather field. Sections through the anterior (F) and posterior (G) of a bud along the mediolateral axis reveal strong nuclear staining in the ectoderm and dermis respectively, while the pathway is inactive in immediately adjacent cells in the dermis (F) and ectoderm (G). 1997). Hence, as feather buds develop, the feather bud is divided into a number of sub-domains with different molecular expression profiles (Fig. Localization of induced BMP-4 expression to the dermis was confirmed by sectioning specimens which had been analyzed for BMP-4 alone (not shown). In contrast to the analogous experiment in the mouse, expression of this mutant protein in embryonic ectoderm is sufficient to induce the ectodermal gene expression normally associated with early placode formation. 2018b ). J Ornithol 86:436456, Watson GE (1963) The mechanism of feather replacement during natural molt. II. In lateral feather buds, it is expressed exclusively in the posterior mesenchyme by E12. Exogenous FGF can also promote feather bud formation in wild-type skin (Widelitz et al., 1996). Physiol Zol 14:103133, Livezey BC (2003) Evolution of flightlessness in rails (Gruiformes: Rallidae): phylogenetic, ecomorphological, and ontogenetic perspectives. Endogenous -catenin also accumulates in the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells. Although expression was not characterized, this cassette is relatively weak. BMP-2 serves to inhibit the response to the primary inducer as it spreads through the tract and thereby mediates the spacing of bud initiation sites. Consistent with this observation, Wnt7a is not expressed in placodes induced by expression of stabilized -catenin in apteric ectoderm but is induced in the surrounding cells (Fig. Subsequent detection for -catenin virus localization shows that it is the areas within the Wnt7a expression that are infected by the -catenin virus. Auk 80:486495, Wetherbee DK (1957) Natal plumages and downy pteryloses of passerine birds of North America. In addition to polarity defects, small spots of infection in the bud ectoderm lead to abnormal growths on the feather filaments (Fig. One change in dermal cells that participate in the condensation which could promote the nuclear accumulation of -catenin is increased expression of TCF. By this stage, viral gene expression is observed preferentially in feather buds when compared to interfollicular skin. We are now accepting proposals for our 2025 Biologists Workshops programme. Free Access Generation of bioengineered feather buds on a reconstructed chick skin from dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal cells Kentaro Ishida Corresponding Author Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, 2525258 Japan Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. Effect of state of differentiation of cells on feather development in hybrid aggregates of embryonic mouse and chick skin cells, A common ancestor of the mammalian transcription factors TCF-1 and TCF-1/Lef-1 expressed in chicken T cells, De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated -catenin in skin, Tissue interaction in the scaleless mutant and the use of scaleless as an ectodermal marker in studies of normal limb differentiation, Propagation and localization of Wnt signaling, Modulation of transcriptional regulation by LEF-1 in response to Wnt-1 signaling and association with -catenin, Dorsal-ventral signaling in limb development, Complementary and mutually exclusive activities of decapentaplegic and wingless organize axial patterning during Drosophila leg development, Local inhibitory action of BMPs and their relationships with activators in feather formation:Implications for periodic patterning, Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development, Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model, Expression of Radical fringe in limb-bud ectoderm regulates apical ectodermal ridge formation, The role of somitic mesoderm in the development of dorsal plumage in chick embryos. Cytoplasmic and cell membrane -catenin appears green, nuclei appear red unless coincident staining with -catenin renders them yellow. Ectopic expression of Lunatic fringe, BMP-2 and BMP-7 is caused by infection of the ectoderm with the -catenin virus, while Cek-3 is suppressed in infected regions (Figs 5D, 7B,E and data not shown). It also antagonizes the activity of the secondary inducer which acts more locally to recruit surrounding cells to a nascent bud (Noramly and Morgan, 1998). Find out more and apply to Developments 2023 Journal Meeting here. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Chuong C, Edelman GM (1985) Expression of cell-adhesion molecules in embryonic induction. Although Lef-1 may act independently of the Wnt signal transduction cascade (Hsu et al., 1998), complementary experiments with mutant forms of -catenin suggest these effects on hair development reflect interference with the -catenin signaling pathway (Gat et al., 1998). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Ldicke M (1974) Radioaktive Markierungsversuche an Federn von Casuarius casuarius. Loss of function experiments required to resolve this issue have not been performed in chick skin. (E) Day-13 embryos were often seen to have misshapen feathers, often with ectopic bumps along the filament. Staining is brightest in cells immediately adjacent to the epidermis and decreases rapidly over the distance of several cell diameters from the surface, while loose mesenchyme beneath this layer does not exhibit nuclear -catenin accumulation (Fig. The identity of the signal that activates the -catenin pathway during early tract development remains unknown. (1996); Laufer et al. J Morphol 272:387403, Godefroit P, Sinitsa SM, Dhouailly D, Bolotsky YL, Sizov AV, McNamara ME, Benton MJ, Spagna P (2014) A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales. Int J Dev Biol 48:181191, Zi J, Yu X, Li Y, Hu X, Xu C, Wang X, Liu X, Fu R (2003) Coloration strategies in peacock feathers. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_1. Intercellular signaling by a subset of Wnts is mediated by stabilization of cytoplasmic -catenin and its translocation to the nucleus. continue to strengthen. It is noteworthy that when induced and maintained by forced activation of the -catenin pathway, an ectodermal placode can recruit dermal cells in apteric regions to form a bud. Google Scholar, Bergmann H-H (1987) Die Biologie des Vogels. 7C-E). 1D). Conserved interactions between these pathways may be the foundation of a basic patterning subroutine in embryonic development. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 298B:7390, Prum RO, Williamson S (2001) Theory of the growth and evolution of feather shape. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 47:311329, Yu M, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong C (2002) The morphogenesis of feathers. Although localization of Notch signaling is necessary for bud development to proceed, it may serve to augment and refine responses initially directed by diffusible signals. Integuments form the boundary between an organism and the environment. J Morphol 194:2339, Brinkmann A (1958) Die Morphologie der Schmuckfeder von Aix galericulata L. Rev Suisse Zool 65:485608, Burckhardt D (1954) Beitrag zur embryonalen Pterylose einiger Nesthocker. Signaling through the -catenin pathway plays several key roles in tract development, and interactions of this pathway with BMP, FGF and Notch signaling are likely to explain much of early tract patterning. Biol Lett 11:20150229, CrossRef TCF-1 expression is increased as the dermal condensation develops and the distribution of transcripts shows an A/P restriction similar to that seen for nuclear -catenin (Fig. As shown in Figure 5D, the dynamic but orderly pattern of Lunatic fringe gene expression is disrupted in the tracts of infected embryos at early stages of bud morphogenesis. These observations suggest that either or both of these proteins may serve as a secondary inducer expressed in the placode, but they are unlikely to be involved in the initial induction of this structure. To better understand this process, it is necessary to identify the signals that mediate these inductive interactions. A second step in bud development is the induction of a dermal condensation by signals from the placode. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Thomas ALR (1997) On the tails of birds what are the aerodynamic functions of birds tails, with their incredible diversity of form? The TCF-1 probe was derived from nt 630-1400 of the chTCF-1 plasmid (Gastrop et al., 1992). Thus it is possible that a co-activator actually serves to increase expression of the transgene during the hair cycle rather than to co-operate with the transgene product. Science 345:451455, Greenwold MJ, Sawyer RH (2011) Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta () keratins to the evolution of feathers. Higher magnification panels at right aid distinction between the periderm, ectoderm, and dermis. Control (A) and -catenin virus-infected embryos (B) were harvested at day 13 of incubation to examine feather morphology. After dehydration through graded sucrose and infiltration with OCT the skin was quick frozen, and alternating 8 m sections were processed for immunohistochemistry or in situ RNA transcript detection. The coordinated subdivision of ectoderm and dermis into follicular and interfollicular fates, as well as subsequent patterning within individual buds, is achieved in part by opposing influences of intercellular signaling molecules expressed in the forming tract (Song et al., 1996; Crowe et al., 1998; Jung et al., 1998; Noramly and Morgan, 1998). Additional Wnt genes are also expressed in the forming feather tract (B. The expression of Shh is confined to the epidermal placodes and distal portions of the ectoderm in the older feather buds and is absent from the apteric region between the femoral and dorsal tracts (A, arrowhead). In both cases, cutaneous appendages showed polarity defects and abnormal growths within individual follicles. J Ornithol 73:127147, Sawyer RH, Salvatore BA, Potylicky T-TF, French JO, Glenn TC, Knapp LW (2003) Origin of feathers: feather Beta () keratins are expressed in discrete epidermal cell populations of embryonic scutate scales. The nuclear localization of -catenin throughout the dense dermis is transient and fades rapidly as development proceeds. By the equivalent stage of mouse skin development, morphogenesis of interfollicular skin has progressed to the point that the keratin-14 expression cassette would be highly active, but this level may be insufficient. Staining is limited to the basal layer, no nuclear staining is observed in the periderm (Fig. 2G) This suggests that additional signals may regulate the activity of the pathway, either by promoting nuclear accumulation or inhibiting it. It was also speculated that the keratin-14 expression cassette failed to induce ectopic hair follicles during embryonic development because it was not activated to high levels until too late in skin development. The localization of -catenin to the nucleus of cells adjacent to the ectoderm as dense dermis forms suggests a role for the pathway in stimulating this step. The effect of -catenin stabilization in bud initiation was examined further by assessing the gene expression changes associated with placode formation in infected embryos as the tracts begin to form. Feathers are a characteristic of modern birds that differentiate them from all other extant non-avian reptiles. Expression of activated -catenin in the ectoderm induces both BMP-2 and Shh expression. Synonyms for further more (farther, , >>) also (furthermore, additionally, moreover >>) then other . We thank C. Tabin, R. Johnson and H. Clevers for reagents and P. Goetinck and D. Fekete for comments on the manuscript. Feathers Which of the following comparisons between birds and other vertebrates is NOT correct? As a result, a tract contains buds at successive stages of development arranged in an ordered array. At the late bud stage, strong nuclear -catenin staining is seen in the posterior dermis and a restricted region of ectoderm at the anterior of the bud (H). XXII. Whole-mount in situ detection of Shh in infected embryos at day 8 of incubation revealed multiple spots of ectopic gene expression. 6C,D). Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. This model is based in part on the observation that the expression of several genes is first induced in tract ectoderm in a broad band and then restricted to the nascent placode in a fashion similar to the pattern of nuclear -catenin localization reported here. 8C), but this lag suggests that this induction is an indirect effect of infection. developing feather buds of chicken. Part II: Further Development and Ruggedness Testing," USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 88-8, 1988. 3: Organe des aktiven Bewegungsapparates, der Koordination, der Umweltbeziehung, des Stoffwechsels und der Fortplanzung. theropod dinosaurs In this chapter, the morphological ground patterns of modern feathers, their underlying developmental processes, and the biological roles of different feather types are reviewed. EMBO J 3:175178, Haake AR, Knig G, Sawyer RH (1984) Avian feather development: relationships between morphogenesis and keratinization. Formation of dense dermis is an intrinsic property of dermal cells in the presumptive tract (reviewed in Dhouailly et al., 1998) and this process may involve signaling mediated by the -catenin pathway within this layer. 2 O). This could reflect the activity of a similarly localized inductive signal in the dermis. The arrowhead indicates the plane of section shown in (H) which confirms this bud has the stratified ectodermal placode and dermal condensation of a normal bud. Some were pointing in the wrong direction (Fig. of the various feather shapes are small and, to a large degree, correlate with differential growth and a high degree of repeated, but highly similar, events. (B) Subsequent analysis of the embryo for BMP-2 transcripts showed them to be more extensive than the ectopic Shh expression and upregulated in the anterior of induced bud-like areas. L-fringe is expressed toward the lateral edge of the feather bud. In the work reported here, we examine the role of -catenin signaling in the skin of the experimentally accessible chicken embryo. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Palaeontology and Geobiology, GeoBioCenter, Mnchen, Germany, Foth, C. (2020).